苗期施用钠复合肥增强梭梭抗逆性的初步研究

利用盆栽育苗的方法,施用钠复合肥后培育梭梭植株,使其正常生长70 d后干旱20 d进行沙地移栽试验,3个月后生长期结束测定其形态指标、生物量以及Na⁺和K⁺含量,初步探讨了钠复合肥在培育强抗旱梭梭植株方面所起的作用。与对照(不施任何肥料)和施用(NH₄)₂HPO₄(与钠复合肥含等量的N、P)的处理相比,施用钠复合肥的梭梭株高分别增加了26%和12%;分枝数增加了22%和14%;主茎直径分别增加了48%和23%、主根直径分别增加了37%和24%;冠幅分别增加了57%和28%;根冠比均增加了18%;鲜重分别增加了130%和74%、干重分别增加了154%和74%;地上部的Na⁺含量分别增加了45%和38%,根中的Na⁺含量分别增加了15%和12%;地上部中的K⁺含量差异不显著,根中K⁺含量分别降低了28%和31%。以上结果表明,钠复合肥的施用能有效地促进梭梭的生长并提高其抗旱能力。     

甘肃干旱荒漠区纸浆林三倍体毛白杨营建试验

本文分析了2001年作为纸浆林发展引种的10个三倍体毛白杨系号在石羊河流域造林的生长适应性。结果表明:在同一立地类型和同等抚育条件下,A129、A128、B330、A125、B1008、BT85、A122等7个无性系杂种三倍体毛白杨幼林在石羊河流域速生、抗寒、耐盐碱、抗黄斑星天牛,在石羊河流域表现出较强的适应性和抗逆性,生长量显著高于普通毛白杨、群众杨、新疆杨;由于其速生性使黄斑星天牛不能完成生活史而不至于造成危害;在专用纸浆林方面大力推广具有良好的发展前景。     

钠硅互作提高白刺抗旱性的研究

采用盆栽试验,研究了单施NaCl和钠硅互作施用(NaCl和Na₂SiO₃)对白刺生长及抗旱性的影响。结果表明,1.2 g/kg NaCl和0.3 g/kg NaCl+0.72 g/kg Na₂SiO₃互作施用均能显著促进白刺的生长并提高其抗旱性。单施NaCl时,1.2 g/kg NaCl处理培育的白刺株高、根长和干重与对照相比分别增加了47%,25%和236%。钠硅互作施用时,0.3 g/kg NaCl+0.72 g/kg Na₂SiO₃互作处理对促进白刺生长并提高其抗旱性的效果要比单独施用0.3 g/kg NaCl效果更为显著;与单施0.3 g/kg NaCl处理相比,0.3 g/kg NaCl+0.72 g/kg Na₂SiO₃互作处理白刺株高、根长和干重分别增加了81%,43%和193%。这表明适量水平的NaCl和 Na₂SiO₃互作施用要比单独施用NaCl更有效地促进白刺生长并提高其抗旱性。     

氮肥管理与地膜覆盖对旱地冬小麦产量和氮素利用效率的影响

降雨偏少且季节分布不均,施肥偏多且方式不合理,缺少有效的保水栽培措施是西北旱地小麦生产面临的主要问题。2010年10月至2012年6月连续2个小麦生长季,在陕西渭北旱塬进行田间试验,比较了氮肥追施和总量减少、覆膜、增加种植密度措施较传统施肥和农民习惯施肥种植模式对冬小麦籽粒产量及氮素利用效率的影响。与农户习惯施肥相比,传统施肥不能持续增加产量和氮素利用效率;而减氮追肥、减氮垄覆和减氮垄覆增密处理的增产效果明显,同时提高了氮素利用效率,但减氮垄覆或增加种植密度却使籽粒含氮量降低,主要原因是进入开花期后土壤硝态氮累积量减少,氮素供应不足所致。综合分析,减氮垄覆增产增效更明显,小麦产量、氮肥偏生产力、氮肥生理利用率在第1年分别提高38.6%、49.6%和35.1%,在第2年分别提高7.6%、16.3%和25.7%,说明控氮与覆膜结合是实现旱地冬小麦增产的重要措施,但需注意生长后期土壤氮素供应,在增产的同时保证小麦品质。     

施氮量对‘马瑟兰’葡萄果实挥发物质组分与含量的影响

为了明确氮素施用量对‘马瑟兰’葡萄果实芳香物质组成及含量的影响,本研究通过设置4个施氮处理,分别为施入尿素150 kg·hm^-2（N150）、300 kg·hm^-2（N300）、450 kg·hm^-2（N450）和600 kg·hm^-2（N600）,对照为整个生育期不施氮肥（N0）。在花后55 d（DAF55）、花后85 d（DAF85）和花后116 d（DAF116）采集果实样品,分析芳香物质组成及含量。结果表明,‘马瑟兰’果实中芳香物质以醛类为主,相对含量达到总含量的68%以上,施氮处理均能够增加DAF85前果实中挥发性物质含量,最高可达到20 122.28 μg·kg^-1,而在采收期（DAF116）对照果实中挥发性物质含量为7 776.13 μg·kg^-1,高于施氮处理3.56倍以上。月桂烯是‘马瑟兰’果实的特征性芳香物质之一,主要在成熟果实中含量丰富,且在N300处理下香气值最高,含量为55.86 μg·kg^-1,3-乙烯醛是不施氮果实中的特征性香气物质。‘马瑟兰’果实香型以脂膏香和花香为主,施氮可增加原有香型比例,但不会改变整个生育期果实香味类型,而不施氮果实在成熟时以草香型为主,改变了原有香味特征。     

Partial rootzone drying is a feasible option for irrigating processing tomatoes

World water supplies are limited and water-saving irrigation practices, such as partial rootzone drying (PRD), should be explored. We studied the effects of PRD, applied through furrow and drip irrigation, on plant water relations, yield, and the fruit quality of processing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. ‘Petopride’). There were four treatments. The first two were: full irrigation by hand on both sides of the root system which mimicked furrow irrigation (FuI), and half of irrigation water in FuI given alternately only to one side of the root system with each irrigation (PRD_FuI). The next two treatments were: full drip irrigation (DrI) to both sides of the root system, and half of irrigation water in DrI given alternately only to one side of the root system with each irrigation (PRD_DrI). Leaf water potential was the same among the treatments except for the PRD_FuI plants, which had the lowest midday values only in one sampling out of four. Photosynthetic rate was the same among the treatments except for the drip-irrigated plants having the lowest value in one sampling out of four. Number of fruit, mean fruit mass of fruit, total fresh and dry mass of fruit, and harvest index were the same among treatments, but PRD plants had increased irrigation use efficiency compared to fully irrigated plants. There was no incidence of blossom-end rot in any of the treatments. PRD_DrI fruit had redder colour and higher total soluble solids concentration. Advancement in fruit maturity and enhancement of quality could be achieved without detrimental effect on fresh and dry mass of fruit by application of PRD. Independent of the irrigation method, PRD treatments improved irrigation use efficiency by ca. 70%. PRD has the potential for use in processing tomato especially in environments with limited water.